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Research papers on Neuroplasticity and learning

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  1. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

    John F. Cryan, Kenneth J. O’Riordan, Caitlin S.M. Cowan, et al. · 2019 · Physiological Reviews · 5,118 citations

    The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This axis is gaining ever more traction in fields investigating the biological and physiological basis of psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, and neurodegenerative disorders. The microbiota and the brain communicate with each other via various routes including the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve and the enter

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  3. Asset allocation

    William F. Sharpe · 1992 · The Journal of Portfolio Management · 1,606 citations

    It remains unsettled whether human language relies exclusively on innately privileged brain structure in the left hemisphere or is more flexibly shaped through experiences, which induce neuroplastic changes in potentially relevant neural circuits. Here we show that learning of second language (L2) vocabulary and its cessation can induce bidirectional changes in the mirror-reverse of the traditional language areas. A cross-sectional study identified that gray matter volume in the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (IFGop) and connectivity of the IFGop with the caudate nucleus and the superior temporal gyrus/supramarginal (STG/SMG), predominantly in the right hemisphere, were positively c

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  4. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain

    Magdalena Miranda, Juan Facundo Morici, María Belén Zanoni, et al. · 2019 · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · 1,436 citations

    Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a key molecule involved in plastic changes related to learning and memory. The expression of BDNF is highly regulated, and can lead to great variability in BDNF levels in healthy subjects. Changes in BDNF expression are associated with both normal and pathological aging and also psychiatric disease, in particular in structures important for memory processes such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal areas. Some interventions like exercise or antidepressant administration enhance the expression of BDNF in normal and pathological conditions. In this review, we will describe studies from rodents and humans to bring together research on how BDNF expre

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  6. Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications

    Steven C. Cramer, Mriganka Sur, Bruce H. Dobkin, et al. · 2011 · Brain · 1,248 citations

    Neuroplasticity can be defined as the ability of the nervous system to respond to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, function and connections. Major advances in the understanding of neuroplasticity have to date yielded few established interventions. To advance the translation of neuroplasticity research towards clinical applications, the National Institutes of Health Blueprint for Neuroscience Research sponsored a workshop in 2009. Basic and clinical researchers in disciplines from central nervous system injury/stroke, mental/addictive disorders, paediatric/developmental disorders and neurodegeneration/ageing identified cardinal examples of neuroplasticity, underly

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  10. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a bridge between inflammation and neuroplasticity

    Francesca Calabrese, A.C. Rossetti, Giorgio Racagni, et al. · 2014 · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · 484 citations

    Cytokines are key regulatory mediators involved in the host response to immunological challenges, but also play a critical role in the communication between the immune and the central nervous system. For this, their expression in both systems is under a tight regulatory control. However, pathological conditions may lead to an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may have a detrimental impact on central nervous system. In particular, they may damage neuronal structure and function leading to deficits of neuroplasticity, the ability of nervous system to perceive, respond and adapt to external or internal stimuli. In search of the mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory cytokines may

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  11. Adult Neuroplasticity: More Than 40 Years of Research

    Eberhard Fuchs, Gabriele Flügge · 2014 · Neural Plasticity · 319 citations

    Within the last four decades, our view of the mature vertebrate brain has changed significantly. Today it is generally accepted that the adult brain is far from being fixed. A number of factors such as stress, adrenal and gonadal hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, certain drugs, environmental stimulation, learning, and aging change neuronal structures and functions. The processes that these factors may induce are morphological alterations in brain areas, changes in neuron morphology, network alterations including changes in neuronal connectivity, the generation of new neurons (neurogenesis), and neurobiochemical changes. Here we review several aspects of neuroplasticity and discuss

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  12. Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model

    Christos Pliatsikas · 2019 · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · 282 citations

    Abstract Research on the effects of bi- and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional languages restructures grey (cortical, subcortical and cerebellar) and white matter in the brain, both increases and reductions in regional volume and diffusivity have been reported. This paper revisits the available evidence from simultaneous and sequential bilinguals, multilinguals, interpreters, bimodal bilinguals, children, patients and healthy older adults from the perspective of experience-based neuroplasticity. The Dynamic Restructuring Model (DRM) is then presented: a three-stage model accounting for, a

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  13. Augmenting NMDA receptor signaling boosts experience-dependent neuroplasticity in the adult human brain

    Jennifer K. Forsyth, Peter Bachman, Daniel H. Mathalon, et al. · 2015 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 77 citations

    Significance Experience-dependent plasticity is the capacity of the brain to undergo changes following environmental input and use, and is a primary means through which the adult brain enables new behavior. In the current study, we provide evidence that enhancing signaling at the glutamate N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR) can enhance the mechanism underlying many forms of experience-dependent plasticity (i.e., long-term potentiation of synaptic currents) and also enhance experience-dependent learning in healthy adult humans. This suggests exciting possibilities for m

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  14. Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroplasticity in Learning to Cope with Stress

    Simona Cabib, Paolo Campus, David Conversi, et al. · 2020 · Brain Sciences · 30 citations

    In this brief review, we present evidence of the primary role of learning-associated plasticity in the development of either adaptive or maladaptive coping strategies. Successful interactions with novel stressors foster plasticity within the neural circuits supporting acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, and extinction of instrumental learning leading to development of a rich repertoire of flexible and context-specific adaptive coping responses, whereas prolonged or repeated exposure to inescapable/uncontrollable stressors fosters dysfunctional plasticity within the learning circuits leading to perseverant and inflexible maladaptive coping strategies. Finally, the results collected using a

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  15. Brain-Inspired Multisensory Learning: A Systematic Review of Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Outcomes in Adult Multicultural and Second Language Acquisition

    Evgenia Gkintoni, Stephanos P. Vassilopoulos, Georgios Nikolaou · 2025 · Biomimetics · 29 citations

    Background: Multicultural education and second-language acquisition engaged neural networks, supporting executive function, memory, and social cognition in adulthood, represent powerful forms of brain-inspired multisensory learning. The neuroeducational framework integrates neuroscience with pedagogical practice to understand how linguistically and culturally rich environments drive neuroplasticity and cognitive adaptation in adult learners. Objective: This systematic review synthesizes findings from 80 studies examining neuroplasticity and cognitive outcomes in adults undergoing multicultural and second-language acquisition, focusing on underlying neural mechanisms and educational effective

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  18. Neuroplasticity And Adult Learning: Can An Old Dog Learn New Tricks?

    Andriana Eliadis · 2024 · Educational Administration: Theory and Practice

    Adult learning has always remained a topic of discussion among researchers. Thus, this study aimed to extend this debate in the context of literature. This is a qualitative literature-based review that has focused on prior studies. Following the comprehensive inclusion and exclusion criteria, the data was gathered from academic journals and books. The results reported a strong connection between neuroplasticity and adult learning. They negated the old dogma that the brain's cells never regenerate, and adults cannot learn as effectively as when they were young. The findings highlighted that adults taking a healthy and nutritional diet and exercising regularly can learn as effectively as the y

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  19. The Impact of Digital Technologies and AI on Adult Learning: From Digital Literacy to Neuroplasticity

    Yana Topolnyk, Roman Gurevych, Ihor Debenko, et al. · 2025 · BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience

    This article explores the urgent issue of developing digital skills and stimulating neuroplasticity in adults during rapid digital transformation. It examines how information and communication technologies (ICT) and artificial intelligence (AI) contribute to effective adult education. The article analyses the theoretical foundations of digital literacy and neuroplasticity. It also discusses practical strategies for enhancing these areas through ICT and AI. To support this analysis, the study applies several research methods. These include a theoretical review of scientific literature, comparative analysis, and case study approaches. The methods are used to investigate real-life examples of a

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  21. Neuroplasticity in Adult Learning: Underlying Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications

    Shyma Kareem, Anand Bhuyar · 2026 · Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Information

    This review examines the current understanding of neuroplasticity in adult learning, focusing on cellular mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and implications for rehabilitation and education. Recent advances in neuroscience have revolutionized our understanding of the brain's capacity for change throughout adulthood, challenging traditional notions of fixed neural architecture. This paper synthesizes findings from molecular studies, clinical trials, and cognitive research to present a comprehensive overview of adult neuroplasticity and its practical applications in therapeutic contexts. The scope of this review encompasses research conducted between 2015 and 2024, highlighting significant

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