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  2. 30 Years of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

    Matthew Li, Jun Lü, Zhongwei Chen, et al. · 2018 · Advanced Materials · 6,058 citations

    Over the past 30 years, significant commercial and academic progress has been made on Li-based battery technologies. From the early Li-metal anode iterations to the current commercial Li-ion batteries (LIBs), the story of the Li-based battery is full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. This review will discuss the main roles of material science in the development of LIBs. As LIB research progresses and the materials of interest change, different emphases on the different subdisciplines of material science are placed. Early works on LIBs focus more on solid state physics whereas near the end of the 20th century, researchers began to focus more on the morphological aspects (surface coatin

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  3. Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

    Peter G. Bruce, Bruno Scrosati, Jean‐Marie Tarascon · 2008 · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · 5,882 citations

    Energy storage is more important today than at any time in human history. Future generations of rechargeable lithium batteries are required to power portable electronic devices (cellphones, laptop computers etc.), store electricity from renewable sources, and as a vital component in new hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the increase in energy and power density essential to meet the future challenges of energy storage, new materials chemistry, and especially new nanomaterials chemistry, is essential. We must find ways of synthesizing new nanomaterials with new properties or combinations of properties, for use as electrodes and electrolytes in lithium batteries. Herein we review some of the

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  5. Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries

    Wu Xu, Jiulin Wang, Fei Ding, et al. · 2013 · Energy & Environmental Science · 4,713 citations

    Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g−1), low density (0.59 g cm−3) and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post-Li-ion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy s

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  6. From Lithium‐Ion to Sodium‐Ion Batteries for Sustainable Energy Storage: A Comprehensive Review on Recent Research Advancements and Perspectives

    Konok Chandra Bhowmik, Md. Arafat Rahman, Muktadir Billah, et al. · 2024 · The Chemical Record · 4,506 citations

    A significant turning point in the search for environmentally friendly energy storage options is the switch from lithium‐ion to sodium‐ion batteries. This review highlights the potential of sodium‐ion battery (NIB) technology to address the environmental and financial issues related to lithium‐ion systems by thoroughly examining recent developments in NIB technology. It is noted that sodium is more abundant and less expensive than lithium, NIBs have several benefits that could drastically lower the total cost of energy storage systems. In addition, this study examines new findings in important fields including electrolyte compositions, electrode materials, and battery performances of lithium

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  7. A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry

    A. Manthiram · 2020 · Nature Communications · 2,784 citations

    Lithium-ion batteries have aided the portable electronics revolution for nearly three decades. They are now enabling vehicle electrification and beginning to enter the utility industry. The emergence and dominance of lithium-ion batteries are due to their higher energy density compared to other rechargeable battery systems, enabled by the design and development of high-energy density electrode materials. Basic science research, involving solid-state chemistry and physics, has been at the center of this endeavor, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s. With the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to the development of lithium-ion batteries, it is enlightening to look back at the evolu

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  8. Lithium-ion batteries. A look into the future

    Bruno Scrosati, Jusef Hassoun, Yang‐Kook Sun · 2011 · Energy & Environmental Science · 2,605 citations

    A critical overview of the latest developments in the lithium ion batteries technology is reported. We first describe the evolution in the electrolyte area with particular attention to ionic liquids, discussing the expected application of these room temperature molten salts and listing the issues that still prevent their practical implementation. The attention is then focused on the electrode materials presently considered the most promising for enhancing the energy density of the batteries. At the anode side a discussion is provided on the status of development of high capacity tin and silicon lithium alloys. We show that the morphology that is the most likely to ensure commercial exploitat

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  9. Electrical energy storage for transportation—approaching the limits of, and going beyond, lithium-ion batteries

    Michael M. Thackeray, Christopher Wolverton, E. D. Isaacs · 2012 · Energy & Environmental Science · 2,524 citations

    The escalating and unpredictable cost of oil, the concentration of major oil resources in the hands of a few politically sensitive nations, and the long-term impact of CO2 emissions on global climate constitute a major challenge for the 21st century. They also constitute a major incentive to harness alternative sources of energy and means of vehicle propulsion. Today's lithium-ion batteries, although suitable for small-scale devices, do not yet have sufficient energy or life for use in vehicles that would match the performance of internal combustion vehicles. Energy densities 2 and 5 times greater are required to meet the performance goals of a future generation of plug-in hybrid-electric ve

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  10. A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

    Todd M. Bandhauer, Srinivas Garimella, Thomas F. Fuller · 2011 · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · 2,163 citations

    Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performa

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  11. An Outlook on Lithium Ion Battery Technology

    A. Manthiram · 2017 · ACS Central Science · 1,779 citations

    Lithium ion batteries as a power source are dominating in portable electronics, penetrating the electric vehicle market, and on the verge of entering the utility market for grid-energy storage. Depending on the application, trade-offs among the various performance parameters—energy, power, cycle life, cost, safety, and environmental impact—are often needed, which are linked to severe materials chemistry challenges. The current lithium ion battery technology is based on insertion-reaction electrodes and organic liquid electrolytes. With an aim to increase the energy density or optimize the other performance parameters, new electrode materials based on both insertion reaction and dominantly co

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  13. An overview of electricity powered vehicles: Lithium-ion battery energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency

    Jianping Wen, Dan Zhao, Chuanwei Zhang · 2020 · Renewable Energy · 410 citations

    Abstract Electricity powered vehicles/Electric vehicles using renewable energy are becoming more and more popular, since they have become an effective way to solve energy shortage, and environmental pollution. Battery electric vehicles with zero emission characteristics are being developed on a large scale. With the scale of electric vehicles, electric vehicles with controllable load and vehicle-to-grid functions can optimize the use of renewable energy in the grid. This puts forward the higher request to the battery performance. The energy density of the batteries and renewable energy conversion efficiency have greatly also affected the application of electric vehicles. This paper presents

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  14. A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues

    A. Zanoletti, Eleonora Carena, Chiara Ferrara, et al. · 2024 · Batteries · 215 citations

    Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a widely used energy storage technology as they possess high energy density and are characterized by the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions between electrodes. The rapid development of LIBs has led to increased production efficiency and lower costs for manufacturers, resulting in a growing demand for batteries and their application across various industries, particularly in different types of vehicles. In order to meet the demand for LIBs while minimizing climate-impacting emissions, the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of LIBs is a critical step toward achieving a sustainable battery economy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of li

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  15. Implementation of large-scale Li-ion battery energy storage systems within the EMEA region

    Marvin Killer, M. Farrokhseresht, N. Paterakis · 2020 · Applied Energy · 162 citations

    Large-scale Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are gradually playing a very relevant role within electric networks in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). The high energy density of Li-ion based batteries in combination with a remarkable round-trip efficiency and constant decrease in the levelized cost of storage have led to the recent boom of the technology. However, many of the potential applications of large-scale battery systems are not economically viable at this point in time. As a result, several BESS projects are being pushed by the industry towards specific niches which are based on revenue streams that can be rather complex than straightforward. The aim of this

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  16. Challenges and the Way to Improve Lithium‐Ion Battery Technology for Next‐Generation Energy Storage

    Ashaduzzaman Khan, H. Al Rashid, Pijush Kanti Roy, et al. · 2025 · Energy & Environmental Materials · 89 citations

    As a forefront energy storage technology, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered immense attention across diverse applications, including electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and medical devices, owing to their exceptional energy density, minimal self‐discharge rate, high open circuit voltage, and extended lifespan. However, despite their remarkable advancements and widespread commercialization, LIBs continue to face critical challenges, particularly the demand for even higher energy density, which inhibits their performance in high‐power applications such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental limitations hindering

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  18. From Present Innovations to Future Potential: The Promising Journey of Lithium-Ion Batteries

    Pooya Parvizi, Milad Jalilian, Alireza Mohammadi Amidi, et al. · 2025 · Micromachines · 78 citations

    Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become integral to modern technology, powering portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. This document explores the complexities and advancements in LIB technology, highlighting the fundamental components such as anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, and separators. It delves into the critical interplay of these components in determining battery performance, including energy density, cycling stability, and safety. Moreover, the document addresses the significant sustainability challenges posed by the widespread adoption of LIBs, focusing on resource depletion and environmental impact. Various recycling practices, including hydr

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  19. Lattice Engineering on Li2CO3‐Based Sacrificial Cathode Prelithiation Agent for Improving the Energy Density of Li‐Ion Battery Full‐Cell

    Yuanlong Zhu, Yilong Chen, Jianken Chen, et al. · 2023 · Advanced Materials · 70 citations

    Developing sacrificial cathode prelithiation technology to compensate for active lithium loss is vital for improving the energy density of lithium‐ion battery full‐cells. Li2CO3 owns high theoretical specific capacity, superior air stability, but poor conductivity as an insulator, acting as a promising but challenging prelithiation agent candidate. Herein, extracting a trace amount of Co from LiCoO2 (LCO), a lattice engineering is developed through substituting Li sites with Co and inducing Li defects to obtain a composite structure consisting of (Li0.906Co0.043▫0.051)2CO2.934 and ball milled LiCoO2 (Co‐Li2CO3@LCO). Notably, both the bandgap and Li─O bond strength have essentially declined i

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  20. Development and Commercial Application of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: A Review

    Zhi-Wei Gao, Tianyu Lan, Haishuang Yin, et al. · 2025 · Processes · 63 citations

    Lithium-ion batteries are one of the critical components in electric vehicles (EVs) and play an important role in green energy transportation. In this paper, lithium-ion batteries are reviewed from the perspective of battery materials, the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries with different cathode and anode mediums, and their commercial values in the field of electric vehicles. Representative products, including blade battery and Tesla 4680 cells, are inspected. Moreover, the results of commercial application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles are summarized. Furthermore, cutting-edge technologies of lithium-ion batteries are discussed, including electrolyte technology, high-

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  21. A Comprehensive Review of Multiple Physical and Data-Driven Model Fusion Methods for Accurate Lithium-Ion Battery Inner State Factor Estimation

    Junjie Tao, Shunli Wang, Wen Cao, et al. · 2024 · Batteries · 54 citations

    With the rapid global growth in demand for renewable energy, the traditional energy structure is accelerating its transition to low-carbon, clean energy. Lithium-ion batteries, due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and high efficiency, have become a core technology driving this transformation. In lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, precise state estimation, such as state of charge, state of health, and state of power, is crucial for ensuring system safety, extending battery lifespan, and improving energy efficiency. Although physics-based state estimation techniques have matured, challenges remain regarding accuracy and robustness in complex environments. With the advanc

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  22. Revolutionizing energy storage: Overcoming challenges and unleashing the potential of next generation Lithium-ion battery technology

    Md. Dipu Ahmed, K. Maraz · 2023 · Materials Engineering Research · 53 citations

    Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become the leading energy storage technology, powering a wide range of applications in today's electrified world. This comprehensive review paper delves into the current challenges and innovative solutions driving the supercharged future of lithium-ion batteries. It scrutinizes the limitations of energy density in existing batteries, exploring advanced electrode materials and designs that promise higher capacity. Safety concerns take center stage, with a focus on cutting-edge thermal management systems and materials. The imperative of sustainable sourcing is addressed, highlighting alternative materials and recycling strategies for a greener supply chain.

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  23. Dimensional analysis and modelling of energy density of lithium-ion battery

    C. C. Kwasi-Effah, T. Rabczuk · 2018 · Journal of Energy Storage · 48 citations

    Abstract A number of literature studies have shown that the energy density of lithium ion battery depends majorly on the particle radius, diffusivity, electric conductivity and thickness of the electrode. However, since the discovery of these major parameters, there has been no significant breakthrough in the present design technology to achieve successful design application in the Electric Vehicle industry. The energy density still ranges around 250Wh/kg on improvement and is insignificant compared to the energy produced by the internal combustion engine. Therefore, in this paper dimensional analysis is applied to lithium ion battery’s energy density in order to obtain the sets of parameter

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  24. A Review of High-Energy Density Lithium-Air Battery Technology: Investigating the Effect of Oxides and Nanocatalysts

    A. Suryatna, I. Raya, Lakshmi Thangavelu, et al. · 2022 · Journal of Chemistry · 47 citations

    In vehicles that require a lot of electricity, such as electric vehicles, it is necessary to use high-energy batteries. Among the developed batteries, the lithium-ion battery has shown better performance. This battery has an energy density of 10 equal to that of a lithium-ion battery and uses air oxygen as the active material of the cathode and anode like a lithium-ion battery made of lithium metal. The cathode used in these batteries must have special properties such as strong catalytic activity and high conductivity, and nanotechnology has greatly helped to improve the materials used in the cathode of lithium-air batteries. The importance of proper catalyst distribution and the relationshi

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