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Research papers on The microbiome and immunity

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  2. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease

    Danping Zheng, Timur Liwinski, Eran Elinav · 2020 · Cell Research · 4,001 citations

    The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and dise

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  3. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

    Daniela Parada Venegas, Marjorie K. De la Fuente, Glauben Landskron, et al. · 2019 · Frontiers in Immunology · 3,839 citations

    Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), collectively known as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), are caused by a complex interplay between genetic, immunologic, microbial and environmental factors. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is increasingly considered to be causatively related to IBD and is strongly affected by components of a Western life style. Bacteria that ferment fibers and produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are typically reduced in mucosa and feces of patients with IBD, as compared to healthy individuals. SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, are important metabolites in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Several studies have indeed shown that fecal SCFA

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  4. Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment

    Xochitl C. Morgan, Timothy L. Tickle, Harry Sokol, et al. · 2012 · Genome biology · 2,809 citations

    BACKGROUND: The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis result from alterations in intestinal microbes and the immune system. However, the precise dysfunctions of microbial metabolism in the gastrointestinal microbiome during IBD remain unclear. We analyzed the microbiota of intestinal biopsies and stool samples from 231 IBD and healthy subjects by 16S gene pyrosequencing and followed up a subset using shotgun metagenomics. Gene and pathway composition were assessed, based on 16S data from phylogenetically-related reference genomes, and associated using sparse multivariate linear modeling with medications, environmental factors, and IBD status. RESULTS: Firmi

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  6. Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights

    Willem M. de Vos, Herbert Tilg, Matthias Van Hul, et al. · 2022 · Gut · 2,401 citations

    The gut microbiota is now considered as one of the key elements contributing to the regulation of host health. Virtually all our body sites are colonised by microbes suggesting different types of crosstalk with our organs. Because of the development of molecular tools and techniques (ie, metagenomic, metabolomic, lipidomic, metatranscriptomic), the complex interactions occurring between the host and the different microorganisms are progressively being deciphered. Nowadays, gut microbiota deviations are linked with many diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, intestinal bowel diseases (IBDs) and several types of cancer. Thus, suggesting that various pathways involved i

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  11. Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system

    Na Shi, Na Li, Xinwang Duan, et al. · 2017 · Military Medical Research · 962 citations

    The gut microbiota, the largest symbiotic ecosystem with the host, has been shown to play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is caused by the imbalance between the commensal and pathogenic microbiomes. The commensal microbiome regulates the maturation of the mucosal immune system, while the pathogenic microbiome causes immunity dysfunction, resulting in disease development. The gut mucosal immune system, which consists of lymph nodes, lamina propria and epithelial cells, constitutes a protective barrier for the integrity of the intestinal tract. The composition of the gut microbiota is under the surveillance of the normal mucosal immune sys

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  14. Conditioning of the immune system by the microbiome.

    Daniel B. Graham, R. Xavier · 2023 · Trends in immunology · 80 citations

    The human intestinal microbiome has coevolved with its host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship with hallmark features of mutualistic symbioses, yet the mechanistic underpinnings of host-microbiome interactions are incompletely understood. Thus, it is an opportune time to conceive a common framework for microbiome-mediated regulation of immune function. We propose the term conditioned immunity to describe the multifaceted mechanisms by which the microbiome modulates immunity. In this regard, microbial colonization is a conditioning exposure that has durable effects on immune function through the action of secondary metabolites, foreign molecular patterns, and antigens. Here, we di

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  15. Vitamin D Deficiency in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Exploring the Triad of Genetic Predisposition, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System

    Parul Singh, M. Kumar, S. Al Khodor · 2019 · Frontiers in Immunology · 42 citations

    Vitamin D is a fat soluble secosteroid that is primarily synthesized in the skin upon exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) sun rays. Vitamin D is essential for the growth and development of bones and helps in reducing inflammation by strengthening muscles and the immune system. Despite the endless supply of sunlight in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which includes United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Oman, Vitamin D deficiency in the (GCC) general population at various age groups remains alarmingly high. In parallel runs the increasing prevalence of acute and chronic illnesses including, autoimmune diseases, cancer, type 1 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular

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  16. Role of the microbiome in regulation of the immune system.

    S. Kim, Cebile Ndwandwe, Hannah Devotta, et al. · 2025 · Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology · 38 citations

    Immune health and metabolic functions are intimately connected via diet and the microbiota. Immune cells are continuously exposed to a wide range of microbes and microbial-derived compounds, with important mucosal and systemic ramifications. Microbial fermentation of dietary components in vivo generates thousands of molecules, some of which are integral components of the molecular circuitry that regulates immune and metabolic functions. These in turn protect against aberrant inflammatory or hyper-reactive processes and promote effector immune responses that quickly eliminate pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. Potent tolerance mechanisms should ensure that these immune cells do not over-react to

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  17. The microbiome and the immune system in critical illness

    Ashley A Miniet, Jocelyn R. Grunwell, C. Coopersmith · 2021 · Current opinion in critical care · 28 citations

    Purpose of review: While the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health, it is hypothesized to drive morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This review describes the relationship between the gut microbiome and the immune system in critical illness. Recent findings: The gut microbiome is converted to a pathobiome in the intensive care unit, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and pathogen predominance. These changes are induced by a pathologic microenvironment and are further exacerbated by common medical treatments initiated in the intensive care unit. The conversion of the microbiome to a pathobiome has direct consequences on the regulation of i

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  19. CRISPR-Cas system in oral microbiome: from immune defense to physiological regulation.

    T. Gong, J. Zeng, B. Tang, et al. · 2020 · Molecular oral microbiology · 20 citations

    The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) system, found in bacteria and archaea, provides sequence-based adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, including phages and plasmids. The oral cavity contains approximately 700 prokaryote species harboring known CRISPR-Cas systems, including type I, type II, type III, type V, and type VI, and unidentified CRISPR-Cas systems. There is increasing evidence to suggest that different CRISPR-Cas systems in the human oral microbiome can affect bacterial physiology through different mechanisms. Here, we review the canonical and novel functions of the CRISPR-Cas system, including defe

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  20. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the Human Immune System and Microbiome

    Chuxi Wang, Xin Zhou, Meng Wang, et al. · 2020 · Infectious Microbes & Diseases · 18 citations

    Abstract A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the single-stranded enveloped RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic, after it was first reported in Wuhan in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging virus, and little is known about the basic characteristics of this pathogen, the underlying mechanism of infection, and the potential treatments. The immune system has been known to be actively involved in viral infections. To facilitate the development of COVID-19 treatments, the understanding of immune regulation by this viral infection is urgently needed. This review describes the mechanisms of imm

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  21. Regulation of innate immune system function by the microbiome: Consequences for tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy.

    I. Mattiola, A. Diefenbach · 2023 · Seminars in immunology · 14 citations

    Innate effector cells are immune cells endowed with host protective features and cytotoxic functions. By sensing the tissue environment, innate cells have an important role in regulating the transition from homeostasis to inflammation and the establishment of pathological states, including the onset and development of cancer. The tumor microenvironment induces molecular and functional modifications in innate cells, dampening their capability to initiate and sustain anti-tumor immune responses. Emerging studies clearly showed a contribution of the microbiota in modulating the functions of innate cells in cancer. Commensal microorganisms can not only directly interact with innate cells in the

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  22. Harmony Within: Unravelling the Microbiome–Immune System Symbiosis for Health

    Anuupama Suchiita, Navya Gupta, Kajal Nandi, et al. · 2025 · Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research · 13 citations

    The microbiome, a diverse ecosystem of microorganisms within the human body, interacts intricately with the immune system to maintain health and prevent disease. This dynamic partnership influences immune system development, inflammation regulation, metabolic health, and neurological well‐being, while disruptions, termed dysbiosis, have been linked to autoimmune disorders, chronic diseases, and mental health issues. This review highlights the microbiome’s role in educating the immune system, modulating responses, and supporting physical barriers, while addressing key research advances, such as microbial metabolites in immune regulation and the microbiome’s impact on cancer immunotherapy. Eme

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  23. The Ecological–Evolutionary Game of the Insect Gut Microbiome: Environmental Drivers, Host Regulation, and Prospects for Cross-Cutting Applications

    Ying Wang, Jie Tang, Yao Chen, et al. · 2025 · Veterinary Sciences · 13 citations

    Simple Summary The diversity, function, and complex interactions of insect gut microbiota with their hosts and environments. The composition of insect gut microbiota is influenced by a combination of host genetics, diet, and environmental factors, and is finely regulated by the host immune system. These microorganisms play a critical role in nutrient metabolism, detoxification, immune regulation, and host development and behavior. Recent studies have shown that insect gut microbiota not only hold significant importance in basic theoretical research but also demonstrate broad application potential in fields such as agriculture, environmental protection, industrial biotechnology, and healthcar

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